How to interpret thyroid function tests

How to interpret liver function tests in heart failure patients?

Cardiac hepatopathy has generally been used to describe any liver damage caused by cardiac disorders in the absence of other possible causes of liver damage. Although there is no consensus on the terminology used, cardiac hepatopathy can be examined as congestive hepatopathy (CH) and acute cardiogenic liver injury (ACLI). CH is caused by passive venous congestion of the liver that generally occ...

How to Interpret Hydrogen Breath Tests

Hydrogen breath tests using various substrates like glucose, lactulose, lactose and fructose are being used more and more to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and lactose or fructose malabsorption. Though quantitative culture of jejunal aspirate is considered as gold standard for the diagnosis of SIBO, hydrogen breath tests, in spite of their low sensitivity, are popular for...

How Are Thyroid Function Tests Altered by Thyroid Replacement Medications?

Thyroid function tests.

atrial fibrillation or osteoporosis and makes the illogical extrapolation that a patient given a dose of thyroxine that suppresses or brings the serum thyroxine concentration to higher than the reference range is receiving too much replacement. It is excusable for doctors to believe that if the serum thyroxine concentration is higher than the so-called normal range that the dose of thyroxine sh...

How to Interpret Epidemiological Associations

Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Hypertensive disease, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, diet, and physical inactivity have been identified as risk factors, but they do not entirely explain the worldwide variability of cardiovascular disease (1,2). It has long been suspected that cardiovascular disease mortality may...